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Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors <t>(TGF-β,</t> <t>PGE2,</t> VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.
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Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors <t>(TGF-β,</t> <t>PGE2,</t> VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.
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Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors <t>(TGF-β,</t> <t>PGE2,</t> VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.
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Triple combination therapy alleviates colorectal cancer immunosuppression by targeting immune cells and cytokine networks. (A-E) The ratio of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs among CD4 + cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs (n=5). (F-J) Percentage of Tim3 + cells among CD8 + T cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs(n=5). (K-O) Serum circulating cytokines were quantified from the serum samples, including IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α, <t>TGF-β,</t> IL-6 with 5 samples each in an experimental group. (All data are presented as mean ± SD and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns = no significant difference, P > 0.05.).
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Triple combination therapy alleviates colorectal cancer immunosuppression by targeting immune cells and cytokine networks. (A-E) The ratio of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs among CD4 + cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs (n=5). (F-J) Percentage of Tim3 + cells among CD8 + T cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs(n=5). (K-O) Serum circulating cytokines were quantified from the serum samples, including IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α, <t>TGF-β,</t> IL-6 with 5 samples each in an experimental group. (All data are presented as mean ± SD and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns = no significant difference, P > 0.05.).
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Triple combination therapy alleviates colorectal cancer immunosuppression by targeting immune cells and cytokine networks. (A-E) The ratio of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs among CD4 + cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs (n=5). (F-J) Percentage of Tim3 + cells among CD8 + T cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs(n=5). (K-O) Serum circulating cytokines were quantified from the serum samples, including IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α, <t>TGF-β,</t> IL-6 with 5 samples each in an experimental group. (All data are presented as mean ± SD and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns = no significant difference, P > 0.05.).
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Triple combination therapy alleviates colorectal cancer immunosuppression by targeting immune cells and cytokine networks. (A-E) The ratio of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs among CD4 + cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs (n=5). (F-J) Percentage of Tim3 + cells among CD8 + T cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs(n=5). (K-O) Serum circulating cytokines were quantified from the serum samples, including IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α, <t>TGF-β,</t> IL-6 with 5 samples each in an experimental group. (All data are presented as mean ± SD and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns = no significant difference, P > 0.05.).
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Triple combination therapy alleviates colorectal cancer immunosuppression by targeting immune cells and cytokine networks. (A-E) The ratio of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs among CD4 + cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs (n=5). (F-J) Percentage of Tim3 + cells among CD8 + T cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs(n=5). (K-O) Serum circulating cytokines were quantified from the serum samples, including IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α, <t>TGF-β,</t> IL-6 with 5 samples each in an experimental group. (All data are presented as mean ± SD and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns = no significant difference, P > 0.05.).
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Triple combination therapy alleviates colorectal cancer immunosuppression by targeting immune cells and cytokine networks. (A-E) The ratio of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs among CD4 + cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs (n=5). (F-J) Percentage of Tim3 + cells among CD8 + T cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs(n=5). (K-O) Serum circulating cytokines were quantified from the serum samples, including IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α, <t>TGF-β,</t> IL-6 with 5 samples each in an experimental group. (All data are presented as mean ± SD and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns = no significant difference, P > 0.05.).
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Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors (TGF-β, PGE2, VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Mesenchymal stromal cells-loaded 3D radially aligned composite scaffold with potentiated paracrine signaling for sequential bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.059

Figure Lengend Snippet: Temporal analysis of the BMSC paracrine profile on different scaffolds. (A) Confocal microscopy images from Live/Dead fluorescence staining of BMSCs encapsulated within the PCL/HAp-GelMA/BMSCs scaffold after 1, 3, 5, and 14 d of 3D culture (live cells, green; dead cells, red). (B) The concentrations of key paracrine factors (TGF-β, PGE2, VEGF, HGF, and BMP-2) from BMSCs cultured in different scaffolds, quantified from culture supernatants at day 3 and day 7. (C) Corresponding relative mRNA expression levels of TGFB1, PTGS2, VEGFA, HGF, and BMP-2 in BMSCs at day 3 and day 7, as determined by qPCR analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; ns: not significant.

Article Snippet: ELISA kits for PGE2 (Cat. No. E-EL-0034), TGF-β (Cat. No. E-EL-0162), VEGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R2603), and HGF (Cat. No. E-EL-R0496) were purchased from Elabscience (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Fluorescence, Staining, Cell Culture, Expressing

Triple combination therapy alleviates colorectal cancer immunosuppression by targeting immune cells and cytokine networks. (A-E) The ratio of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs among CD4 + cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs (n=5). (F-J) Percentage of Tim3 + cells among CD8 + T cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs(n=5). (K-O) Serum circulating cytokines were quantified from the serum samples, including IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-6 with 5 samples each in an experimental group. (All data are presented as mean ± SD and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns = no significant difference, P > 0.05.).

Journal: Translational Oncology

Article Title: Combination of APS, HMGN1, and anti-TNFR2 antibody remodels the tumor immune microenvironment to enhance antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer

doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102814

Figure Lengend Snippet: Triple combination therapy alleviates colorectal cancer immunosuppression by targeting immune cells and cytokine networks. (A-E) The ratio of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs among CD4 + cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs (n=5). (F-J) Percentage of Tim3 + cells among CD8 + T cells in the tumor, spleen, TDLNs, and NTDLNs(n=5). (K-O) Serum circulating cytokines were quantified from the serum samples, including IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-6 with 5 samples each in an experimental group. (All data are presented as mean ± SD and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns = no significant difference, P > 0.05.).

Article Snippet: ELISA kits for interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were obtained from Servicebio (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: